Ecological engagement determines ecosystem service valuation: A case study from Rouge National Urban Park in Toronto, Canada

Understanding stakeholder valuation of ecosystem services (ESs), and perceptions of threats to their conservation, can improve planning for urban protected areas. Our study objectives were to examine ES valuations by Rouge National Urban Park (NUP) users as well as perceptions of the impact of the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum. Further, we sought to determine how those valuations and perceptions are affected by “ecological engagement”...