Endocrine dysfunction induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: Practical recommendations for diagnosis and clinical management

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, because ICIs block coinhibitory molecules on T cells and other immune cells, unleashing them to mediate tumor cell killing, they also can disrupt the maintenance of immunological tolerance to self‐antigens. Compared with chemotherapy, ICIs have a different toxicity profile, especially the occurrence of autoimmune‐like manifestations against multiple organ systems,...