The effects of a mobile gamification app on elementary students’ Spanish achievement and self-efficacy

A quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest, non-equivalent control group design was used to examine the effect of a mobile gamification application on third and fourth grade students’ Spanish language achievement and student academic self-efficacy. In this study, the treatment group's Spanish language instruction was through the use of Duolingo®, a computer and mobile app that uses gamification and adaptive learning technology to teach foreign...