Improvements in Measuring Unfrozen Water in Frozen Soils Using the Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method

The pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (P-NMR) method is commonly used to determine unfrozen water content in frozen soils. Traditionally, unfrozen water content is calculated using first return data from the free induction decay (FID) signal intensity (SI); however, these data may contain both ice and liquid water responses, thus overestimating unfrozen water. To address this, the authors used the normalization method for calculating unfrozen...