Adsorbed cation effects on unfrozen water in fine-grained frozen soil measured using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance

Unfrozen water within frozen soils is a key component that determines a soil's thermophysical response to changing physical and environmental conditions. The physicochemical nature of the clay component of fine-grained soils, including the adsorbed cations, strongly controls the amount and mobility of unfrozen water. Here we present the unfrozen water measurements of five standard clays and one heterogeneous soil. For each soil, we prepared a...