Residues of neonicotinoid insecticides in pollen and nectar from model plants1

Systemic insecticides used for ornamental horticulture crops can protect all portions of a plant with long-lasting effects. However, they may be hazardous to pollinators foraging on contaminated nectar or pollen. Two model plant cultivars were chosen based upon their ability to produce large quantities of pollen or nectar, enabling examination of the level of nectar or pollen contamination (e.g., insecticide “residues”) following insecticide...