How Do Students Understand Energy in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics? Development and Validation of an Assessment Instrument

Background:Science standards of different countries introduced disciplinary core ideas and crosscutting concepts—such as energy—to help students develop a more interconnected science understanding. As previous research has mostly addressed energy learning in specific disciplinary contexts, this study targets students’ cross-disciplinary understanding of energy.Material and methods:Since no respective test instrument was available, we present the...