Seed spitting and seed swallowing by wild orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus morion) in Sabah, Malaysia

Wild orang,utans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) studied at the “Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation project�, Sabah, Malaysia, are mainly frugivorous. They are regularly observed to swallow large seeds (length longer than five mm) from 37 different plant genera and to spit large seeds from 27 plant genera. For three of these genera, we compared the time to first germination, the germination success, the 50%, germination time and seedling mortality...