Extreme high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is paradoxically associated with high mortality in men and women: two prospective cohort studies

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations are inversely associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality across a range of concentrations, but genetic evidence suggest that extreme high concentrations may paradoxically lead to more cardiovascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that extreme high concentrations of HDL cholesterol are associated with high all-cause mortality in men and women.A total of 52 268 men and 64 240...