Deconstructing the Education-Innovation-Development Nexus in the EU-28 Using Panel Causality and Poolability Tests

We apply panel econometrics to assess the causal linkages between education, research and innovation (R&I) and economic development for EU-28 countries over the time period 1998–2013. Since this period coincides with the biggest enlargement wave in the EU’s history, we particularly aim at identifying the degree of heterogeneity in this nexus between and within the groups of old (EU-15) and new member states (NMS-13). Our empirical results...