Modeling target strength of individual herring (Clupea harengus) at any aspect as a function of pressure and frequency

Fish target strength is primarily dependent on the physical dimensions of the fish, the acoustic frequency, and the orientation of the fish. In traditional vertically observing echosounder surveys, fish are insonified in the dorsal aspect with fairly limited tilt angle variation. In oblique-angled sonar surveys, however, fish may be insonified at other aspects. For herring, target strength is also depth dependent as they cannot refill the...