In situ accumulation of tetrodotoxin in non-toxic Pleurobranchaea maculata (Opisthobranchia)

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly potent neurotoxin targeting voltage gated sodium channels. It is found in numerous phyla, including both marine and terrestrial taxa, however, its origin is a topic of considerable debate. The aim of this study was to investigate the origin of TTX in the Opisthobranch Pleurobranchaea maculata using in situ experimentation. Sixteen individuals sourced from non-toxic populations were transplanted to a habitat with...