Short-term and medium-term effects of grade retention in secondary school on academic achievement and psychosocial outcome variables

The objective of this paper was to examine how grade retention in secondary school would affect students’ academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Moreover, we investigated short-term and medium-term effects of grade retention on students’ outcomes. Propensity score matching was used to select a control group of promoted students who were similar to the retained students on a variety of characteristics. Furthermore, we used a type of...