Magnetite geochemistry of the Heijianshan Fe–Cu (–Au) deposit in Eastern Tianshan: Metallogenic implications for submarine volcanic-hosted Fe–Cu deposits in NW China

The Heijianshan Fe–Cu (− Au) deposit is located in the Aqishan–Yamansu belt in Eastern Tianshan, NW China. As a typical Fe–Cu deposit in the region, Heijianshan is hosted in the Upper Carboniferous Matoutan Formation submarine volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks. Alteration styles, mineral assemblages and vein crosscutting relationships divide the hydrothermal alteration and mineralization processes into seven stages, namely the chromite (Stage I),...