Impact of observed North Atlantic multidecadal variations to European summer climate: a linear baroclinic response to surface heating

The observed prominent multidecadal variations in the central to eastern (C–E) European summer temperature are closely related to the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV). Using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis project version 2 data for the period of 1930–2012, we present a mechanism by which the multidecadal variations in the C–E European summer temperature are associated to a linear baroclinic atmospheric response to the AMV-related...