Particulate matter indices using fuel smoke point for vehicle emissions with gasoline, ethanol blends, and butanol blends

Recent studies have led to significant improvements in the prediction of particulate matter (PM) emissions from gasoline vehicles based on differences in fuel composition. This is an issue that has taken on increased importance recently given the introduction of gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology to improve fuel economy and the challenges it has meeting new stringent PM emissions standards. One productive effort in this area is the PM...