Muscle activity and spinal loading in lifting symmetrical loads beside the body compared to in front of the body

Digital human modeling enables engineers in product development to address questions of ergonomics and human factors early on in the development. To build more accurate Digital human models (DHMs), the physiological standard reference data are necessary. We investigated the effects of lifting loads beside the body compared to in front of the body. Forty healthy subjects performed eight lifting tasks with combinations of two postures, and four...