Effect of Hormonal Changes on Voiding in the Elderly Woman

Hormonal loss after menopause result in changes that occur to the vaginal epithelium, which shares a common embryological origin with the lower urinary tract. These changes due to hypoestrogenism lead to symptoms of urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Replacement of estrogen can provide benefits to some of these conditions, but potential complications associated with the use of unopposed...