The effects of child maltreatment on early signs of antisocial behavior: Genetic moderation by tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes

Gene–environment interaction effects in predicting antisocial behavior in late childhood were investigated among maltreated and nonmaltreated low-income children ( N = 627, M age = 11.27). Variants in three genes were examined: tryptophan hydroxylase 1 ( TPH1 ), serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region ( 5-HTTLPR ), and monoamine oxidase A ( MAOA ) upstream variable number tandem repeat. In addition to child maltreatment status, we...