Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes

The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears ( Ursus arctos ), Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ), gray wolves ( Canis lupus ), and wolverines ( Gulo gulo ) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century...