Aetiology of hypospadias: a systematic review of genes and environment

Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic and multifactorial forms, implicating both genes and environmental factors. This review summarizes current knowledge about the aetiology of hypospadias. Pubmed was used to identify studies on hypospadias aetiology published between January 1995 and February 2011. Reference lists of the...