Optimal conditions for breeding of captive humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti): A survey of British zoos

We surveyed 16 British zoos and bird gardens to assess the optimal conditions for breeding of captive Humboldt penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti ). We obtained information on population, enclosure, and husbandry characteristics and related these variables to three measures of per capita breeding success, namely, per capita egg productivity, chick productivity, and hatching success (measured as the proportion of eggs laid that hatched). All three...