Estimating true instead of apparent survival using spatial Cormack–Jolly–Seber models

Summary Survival is often estimated from capture–recapture data using Cormack–Jolly–Seber ( CJS ) models, where mortality and emigration cannot be distinguished, and the estimated apparent survival probability is the product of the probabilities of true survival and of study area fidelity. Consequently, apparent survival is lower than true survival unless study area fidelity equals one. Underestimation of true survival from capture–recapture...