Innovation decision making in high-risk organizations: A comparison of the US and Soviet attack submarine programs

Decision-making about innovative change in high-risk networks is exceptionally difficult because system failure may result in catastrophe. We adopt a historical method to compare the US and Soviet choices in their nuclear attack submarine programs between 1970 and 1996 and to surface their complex political, technological, and operational relations. One program achieved high reliability in the face of innovation while the other did not. Actor...