Principle of Universality in Crack Incubation and Propagation

The classical methods of solid mechanics assume that the homeomorphism of deformation sometimes does not provide an adequate description of the theological behaviour and fracture of real materials, while irreversible macro deformation and the fracture of solids are predetermined by material behaviour in nanoscale. When we talk about crack propagation, we must talk at least about four phenomena, namely about crack incubation, initiation, and...