Optimizing cost and CO2 emission for construction projects using particle swarm optimization

Under an intensive competitive environment, the construction industry is facing pressure to meet the higher customer expectations under a tighter budget. On the other hand, construction is one of the main sectors generating greenhouse gases. The aim of this study is to assist decision-makers to identify the trade-off solution between construction cost and CO2 emission. A particle swarm optimization model is proposed. First, construction projects...