A critical review of transport through osmotic membranes

Herein, we review mechanisms and models of solute transport relevant to nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and forward osmosis (FO) membrane separation processes. We first consider state of the art polymeric NF, RO, and FO membrane properties and how these properties influence water and solute transport. Next, we critically review classical models (i.e., pore flow, solution-diffusion, and Nernst–Planck) and discuss the shortcomings of...