Survival costs of chick rearing in black‐legged kittiwakes

1. We tested for costs of chick rearing in the black‐legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) by removing entire clutches from 149 of 405 randomly selected nests, in which one or both mates was colour‐banded. After the manipulation, we monitored adult nest attendance and body condition at unmanipulated and manipulated nests, and measured the survival and fecundity of these adults the following year. 2. Late in the chick‐rearing period,...