Nosema pyraustaand Cry1Ab-incorporated diet led to decreased survival and developmental delays in European corn borer

The high dose/refuge strategy for delaying evolution of resistance to Bt maize [ Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] relies on random mating between resistant European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and susceptible O. nubilalis from the refuge. However, differences in developmental rate caused by feeding on Bt maize, or infection with the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta Paillot (Microsporida: Nosematidae) may result in...