Trophic Cascades: Abiding Heterogeneity and the Trophic Level Concept at the End of the Road

Trophic cascades have been the subject for considerable research during the last decade. A review of the literature suggests that trophic cascades have been observed in many kinds of systems and organisms. However, the extent to which trophic cascades have community-wide effects (e.g. affecting total primary producer biomass density) is only indisputably demonstrated in aquatic systems. The lack of unequivocal evidence for community-wide trophic...