Coupling mitochondrial dysfunction to endoplasmic reticulum stress response: A molecular mechanism leading to hepatic insulin resistance

Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are considered critical components in the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these individual disorders and how they are linked has been challenging. Here, we provide evidence that elevated levels of cytosolic free Ca(2+) due to mitochondrial dysfunction and concomitant activation of p38 mitogen activated...