Acceleration of bone regeneration by local application of lithium: Wnt signal-mediated osteoblastogenesis and Wnt signal-independent suppression of osteoclastogenesis

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 and the consequent activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway have been reported to increase bone volume. To develop a novel pharmacotherapy for injured bone, we investigated whether GSK-3 inhibitor was effective in promoting bone formation. In in vitro experiments, we examined the effects of GSK-3 inhibitors LiCl and SB216763 on osteoblastogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor C3H10T1/2 cells...