Concept mapping as pre-task planning: A case study of three Japanese ESL writers

The majority of research to date on pre-task planning has investigated the impact of planning time on L2 learners’ oral production, and has generally reported its positive effects on their task performance. However, little research on planning has been conducted in writing contexts, and there is no firm evidence to demonstrate that pre-task planning promotes L2 learners’ written production in the ways that many researchers have reported for L2...