Factors contributing to bone conduction: The middle ear

Measurement of the motion of the malleus umbo and stapes footplate during bone conduction (BC) stimulation was conducted in vitro in 26 temporal bones using a laser Doppler vibrometer over the frequency range 0.1 to 10 kHz. For lower frequencies, both ossicular sites followed the motion of the temporal bone. The differential motion between the malleus and the surrounding bone was greater than the differential motion of the stapes footplate; both...