The Interplay Between Observed Maternal Perspective Taking and Clear Expectations: Links with Male Adolescents’ Externalizing and Internalizing Problems

Based on Self-Determination Theory, our study examined the associations of maternal perspective taking (PT), clear expectations (CE), and their interaction during mother–male adolescent conflict with sons’ externalizing and internalizing problems. Fifty-one mothers and their 16.5 year old sons were observed while conducting a revealed differences task. Maternal PT and CE during the interaction were assessed using new scales derived from the...