Factors affecting flux performance of forward osmosis systems

The performance of a forward osmosis (FO) system may be characterised by the assessment parameters: FO–RO flux ratio (Jw/Jw(RO)), apparent FO water permeability (Jw/(πds − πml)), and the newly developed flux efficiency factor (Jw,ob/Jw,re). The former two parameters offer information on extent of internal concentration polarisation and driving force utilisation, respectively. The Jw,ob/Jw,re factor has practical relevance, and reveals the...