Contact angle measurement and surface energetics of sized and unsized paper

Determining the surface free energy of paper from contact angle data for various liquids is not straight forward and the results can sometimes be misleading. For insufficiently sized paper, errors may arise from rapid penetration of liquid probes into the sheet, which prevents accurate measurement of contact angles. For well-sized paper, errors may arise from factors associated with the roughness of the sheet. Despite the fact that some of the...