Intelligence Quotient Scores of 4-Year-Old Children: Social-Environmental Risk Factors

Verbal IQ scores in a socially heterogeneous sample of 215 4-year-old children were highly related to a cumulative environmental risk index composed of maternal, family and cultural variables. Different combinations of equal numbers of risk factors produced similar effects on IQ, providing evidence that no single factor identified here uniquely enhances or limits early intellectual achievement and that cumulative effects from multiple risk...