Surfaces and Their Interfaces Meet Biology at the Bio-interface

Surfaces and bio-interfaces have undoubtedly become a topic which signifies one of the most rapidly expanding fields that is innovative and dynamic across the disciplines from engineering to life sciences. All solid material systems have boundaries, of which the properties are different from bulk material at the nanoscale. How these ‘‘inbetween regions’’ merge into one another becomes a critical challenge, and also a fascinating question which...