International relocation of production plants in MNEs: Is the enemy in our camp?

The literature has argued that low efficiency in comparison with other competitors in the same sector increases the probability of international relocation. In this paper, we argue that, in order to explain production relocation, it is important to consider not only the plant's efficiency in comparison with competing plants, which we shall call external rivalry, but also in comparison with other plants in the same group, to be called internal...