Can Inaccurate Beliefs About Incumbents be Changed? And Can Reframing Change Votes?

Can independent groups change voters’ beliefs about an incumbent’s positions? Does reframing how candidates’ are perceived by changing beliefs about their positions influence actual voter choices? Past laboratory and observational research suggests that candidate reframing is difficult and of little consequence; because the messages must be believed despite competing messages, counter-framing, and misinformation. We report the results of a field...