Hypoxia promotes AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and induces apoptosis in mouse osteoblasts.

The hypoxic environment around the fracture site develops post the blood flow disruption and leads to osteoblast cell death and further impairs fracture healing. Hypoxia usually leads to the mitochondrial dysfunction and then results in apoptotic cell death. AMPK is ubiquitously expressed and functions as an intracellular fuel sensor by maintaining energy balance, as is potentially activated by hypoxia, ischemia, and ROS, however, the regulatory...